On July 7, HRREC Director John Packer contributed to the 2022 Barcelona Summer School of the Mediterranean and the Middle East as part of a roundtable addressing the Rise of Sub-State Actors in International Relations: Towards Better Governance.
Professor Packer shared some observations about general trends, notably the growing participation of a range of sub-State actors and the relative diminishment of States as the primary actors in complex international relations and organization, drawing attention to examples from Iraq and Yemen. The session was introduced by remarks from the Government of Catalonia’s Minister for Foreign Action and Open Government – a prime example of a significant and effective sub-State actor in contemporary international relations. Follow this link for a brief summary of the event.